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dynamic",{"record":409,"seo":420,"locales":421,"navigation":424,"category_id":431,"category":432},{"key":410,"values":411,"states":419},"article:173",{"title":412,"summary":413,"body":414,"attachments":415,"format":416,"cover":417,"video":54,"published_at":418},"文章｜诉讼中的辩证法：直接与间接的关系","诉讼中的辩证法：直接与间接的关系\n\n\n\n民事诉讼解决的是原被告之间民事权利义务的纠纷，是法院以法律事实为基础，依照法定程序，对涉诉的民事法律关系进行权威性的评价的过程。诉讼解决的是原被告之间的法律关系，是从原被告之间众多的社会关系中抽出来的法律关系，而且是众多法律关系中的特定的一段，这是诉讼中逻辑","\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>诉讼中的辩证法：直接与间接的关系\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>民事诉讼解决的是原被告之间民事权利义务的纠纷，是法院以法律事实为基础，依照法定程序，对涉诉的民事法律关系进行权威性的评价的过程。诉讼解决的是原被告之间的法律关系，是从原被告之间众多的社会关系中抽出来的法律关系，而且是众多法律关系中的特定的一段，这是诉讼中逻辑关系的范围。现实生活场景中，作为公力救济手段的诉讼，主要工作内容有三项：主体的确定，法律关系的划定，对权利与义务的评定。诉讼的过程是法律思维的结果，法律规定的大前提，法律事实的小前提，产生裁判文书的结论，法律逻辑的三段论要求诉讼当事人处理好直接与间接的关系。我国民事诉讼法第119 条关于起诉的规定，要求“有明确的被告”，“具体的诉讼请求”，清楚地表明诉讼中要解决的问题，是要明确的、具体的，是要有法律意义上的因果关系的，是直接的法律关系。间接的关系可能只是事实状态的社会关系，不会是法律关系，法官通常会将间接关系排除在诉讼之外。诉讼过程中，直接和间接的关系的处理，事关诉讼的结果，直接影响当事人的权益。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>此时无名胜有名\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>      在合同法理论中，区分合同的种类，有一种划分方式是以合同有无法定的名称为标准，将合同分为有名合同和无名合同。合同法就将合同分成买卖、供用电水汽热力、赠与、借款、租赁、融资租赁、承揽、建设工程、运输、技术、保管、仓储、委托、行纪、居间等 十五类合同，在合同法规定的这些合同之外的，则称之为无名合同。这种方便理论研究、便于立法的区分，有时会在司法实务中产生不必要的混乱，遇见合同就要为其定名，成为了一种实践中的思维定式。用合同法上的名，定义现实中五花八门的不规范合同，可以确定现实交易行为的法律性质，倒也是一条思路，但不可过于机械。诉讼追求的是利益，当事人最为关注，也是法官工作的主要目标，如果忽略了利益之实，而纠缠于理论上的概念与名称，就不是诉讼中倡导的直接思维，还可能自缚手脚、南辕北辙，人为地增加诉讼风险，导致不利的诉讼结果。实际工作中遇到这样一个案件，张老先生夫妻俩人年逾八十，有三男二女五个孩子。老夫妻俩人勤俭持家，家境殷实，在老家有三处房产，均登记在张先生名下。儿女们争气上进，上学当兵均在城里安家立业。张老先生夫妻于2015年亲笔写下了《财产处理协议》一份，明确将老家中的一套房产赠给唯一的孙子张某，在《财产处理协议》上张老先生夫妻、五个子女和两个见证人均签字按手印。后来在按照协议办理产权过户手续时，出现了纠纷，大儿子明确表示不同意协议内容。张某想起诉，要求法院确定《财产处理协议》的效力，并要求协议相关签字方协助办理过户的义务。律师团队接受张某的委托，在设计诉讼方案时产生了争议。《财产处理协议》是本案的事实基础，也是对张某最有力的证据，但这个名称不是规范的，委托人认为这就是一份赠与合同，律师团队中也有人认为，案由就应定为赠与合同纠纷，《财产处理协议》中也用了“赠与”的表述，诉状中直接表述为合同法的赠与合同，整个案情就更加清楚明了。我认为这样不妥，《财产处理协议》所处理的财产性质不同于一般的财产，登记在张老先生的名下，是农村房屋，张家又是大家庭，此案涉及的财产形成的时间较早，时间跨度大，中间还有过翻建的过程，财产的主体在家庭成员间可能有不同的理解，相关法学理论对此类财产也有争议。按张老先生夫妻的看法，他们认为自己就是财产的主人，具有自由处置的权利，想给谁就给谁。再看张先生子女的态度，有的认为财产是老人的，同意老人处置，老人将自己的财产赠与给孙子谁也无权干涉，他们签字是起个证明作用。有的认为财产是家庭共有的，大家都签了字，就是同意了，大家把财产赠与给张某，至于老大后来反悔是没有道理的，是出尔反尔。从被告也就是大儿子的角度考虑，一旦将其作为被告推上法庭，他如果想否认协议，肯定会从财产的性质上入手，来进行抗辩，如果贸然为协议定上赠与协议的名字，可能会为被告提供抗辩的理由。既然与张某是同一战壕的人，对此也有不同的理解，还限制自己权利的空间，还可能为被告提供机会，最好就原名照搬，直接表述为《财产处理协议》，而不将其定义为赠与合同，此所谓虽无名胜有名。不出所料，在此后的开庭中，被告代理人认定《财产处理协议》就是赠与合同，被告及其妻子在财产的形成过程中有贡献，均是诉争房屋的共有人，按照合同法关于赠与合同的规定，财产在交付受赠人之前，赠与人可以撤销赠与。由于原告方在诉状及陈述中，只提《财产处理协议》而不提赠与协议，使被告的激昂抗辩成为空中楼阁，原告方的诉求则建立在较大事实基础上，财产既可以是张老先生夫妻共有，也可以是张家家庭共有，无名的事实为原告的诉权提供了开阔的空间。被告既然愿意把赠与合同这个“名”确定下来，当然要把自圆其说的包袱、自说自话的风险背起来。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>莫将事故讲成故事\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong> \u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>      多数的民事案件，源起于事故，只要是出现了法律所描述的行为或情况，利益受到损害的一方，就可以向法院主张权利，要求事故制造者承担恢复原状、赔偿损失的责任，以使当事人之间破裂的法律关系回复到原有的状态，进而维护社会的稳定与秩序。比如，交通事故，会引发人身损害赔偿的诉讼；产品质量问题的事故，会引起消费者的维权诉讼；高空、高压、易爆、易爆等高度危险作业出现的事故，会引起特殊侵权责任之诉。在法律的语境下，诉讼处理的都是过去的事，而对过去的事真实回放可望而不可及，因此诉讼是一个发现法律事实的过程，按照法律程序查明的法律事实，以法律事实为基础得出的判决就是公正的。而法律事实并不能和客观事实划等号，在诉讼的过程中，要重点讲清法律框架下的事故要件，这才是抓住了诉讼的要点，直接明确而且效果明显。如果还是以现实生活中讲故事的形式，可能会讲了一大堆，可能会声泪俱下，但都是间接的，对诉讼没有直接影响的，极可能还会导致对自己不利的诉讼结果。以交通事故引起的人身损害赔偿纠纷为例，有些当事人特别是交通事故的受伤者，在起诉时，完全忽视了事故的概念，没有事故要件的意识，按照讲故事的模式，时间、地点、人物、起因、经过、结果，六大要素一个不少的一一道来，要是再加声情并茂、语法修饰、引经据典，整个一个文学作品，说的很热闹，诉讼中有用的不多，有时还会把有用的掩盖起来。其实，按照道路安全法的规定，道路交通事故引发的人身损害赔偿案件，是诉讼程序衔接行政处理程序的案件。事故发生之后，随着当事人的报案，交警部门就启动了交通事故的处理程序，而且也同时触发了保险等救济程序。在交通事故人身损害赔偿诉讼启动之初，整个事故的内容已基本确定，交警的受理、勘验、询问、鉴定、责任认定、调解是一个完整的程序，尤其是责任认定书基本为事故定下了基调，这为事故受害者维权提供了法定的证据。如果对事故责任认定书没有什么异议的话，责任认定书就是原告诉讼请求的直接依据，只需讲和肇事者之间有一个事故，有一个交通事故责任认定书，就可以按照道路交通安全法设计的架构，将肇事者、承担交强险责任的保险公司列为被告，剩下的问题就是依据标准计算数额的问题了。事故的责任认定书就是最有力的证据，多数情况下有它就足以，不说事故，非要讲故事，就是在画蛇添足了。诉讼是法律设定的，完全依照法律规定的程序展开，解决的就是事故之后的弥补与救济，最直接的办法就是直接将事故来讲明白，尽量不讲或少讲故事。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>先直接证据后间接证据\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>      打官司打的就是证据，这是大家都认可的道理。证据是诉讼的关键，证据既是一个理论问题，又是一个技术层面的问题。如何把握证据的性质，收集到什么样的证据，按照什么样的方式和顺序进行举证，如何对证据效力的强弱进行分析评估，是诉讼中的一条主线。按民事诉讼法的规定，证据的种类包括当事人陈述、书证、物证、视听资料、电子数据、证人证言、鉴定结论和勘验笔录八种。按照学理解释，又有本证与反证，直接证据与间接证据，原始证据与传来证据，等等按不同标准的划分。有关直接证据与间接证据的划分，在法律实务中作用最为重要。直接证据与间接证据的划分，以证据与待证事实之间的关系为标准，这恰恰是诉讼中最重要的问题，也是诉讼目的的直接体现。直接证据是能够单独、直接证明待证事实的证据，间接证据是指不能够单独、直接证明待证事实，需要与其它证据相结合才能证明待证事实的证据。理论是灰色的，生活之树常青，即便如此，有关直接证据和间接证据的理论，最大程度地符合诉讼的逻辑，也有强烈的现实生命力。在众多的证据材料中，寻找直接证据的过程不可忽略，这是诉讼准备中的必修课，也是诉讼参与人诉讼智商的重要标志。其实在寻找直接证据的过程，从另一角度讲也是组合间接证据，形成证据链的过程，这往往是现实中大量诉讼面对的问题，因为现实中的个案，很少有直接证据或间接证据的单一模式，大多情况下则是二者的交织与混合。除了要有寻找直接证据的强烈意识外，在举证顺序上，要坚持先直接证据后间接证据的原则。在一个借名买房的案件中，原告的律师准备了大量的证据，有十份之多，其中有九份是关于买房的各种手续，有商品房买卖合同、交款手续、房产证、刷卡凭证、契税证明、维修公基金发票等等，还有一份证据是录音，记录了实际出资人与名义购房人的有关借名买房的事实的陈述，这些证据不可谓不充分。但是在举证过程中，原告的委托代理人却是先就购房手续的的九份证据进行出示，因为都是购房中的合同与票据，每一个都进行了大体上相同的重复说明，每一份又进行了相同的质证，法官也以极大的耐心进行了认证。从早晨开始的庭审，到了下午三点钟都是以购房手续展开的，更要命的是在一番的精疲力尽之后，被告的代理人总结了原告所举的前九份证据，认为原告所举证据，恰恰证明了购房人是被告。待到原告第十份的录音证据时，庭审的参与人已完全进入到体力和脑力的疲劳状态，录音中被告自己的所说的话，应该是对被告最有触动，最能形成对被告不利的庭审氛围，但是由于时间的仓促，没有达到应有的效果，形成一带而过的局面。就这样原告手中的一把好牌，完全因为出牌的顺序，大大打折扣，完全没有达到应有的效果。此案的实质为借名买房，待证的事实是原告借被告之名买房，最后出具的录音证据是直接证据，直接证据优先出示就能直接证明待证的事实，简明扼要，对被告能构成最大程度的冲击与威慑。实际的效果是，没有认识到直接证据应有的效力，迷信书证的所谓强证据效力，没有必要地列举了大量间接证据，还把这些间接证据放到不恰当的顺位上，实际上自我设置了障碍，自己扰乱了自己的思路。可以假设一下，如果原告不是上来就对前九份买房手续进行举证，而是首先打录音这份直接证据牌，发挥了直接证据的单独作用，基本上就能证明自己主张。而被告会如何呢？两种选择：一是什么证据也不提交，只就原告所举证据进行反驳，没证据的反驳起不到抗辩的作用。二是就买房的手续进行举证，也就是原告费力所举的前九份证据，可是原件都在原告手中，充其量只有出示相关的复印件，或申请法院调取，这些都恰恰指向了一个事实，被告不是真正的购房人。如果原告先出示直接证据，或者索性不出示只能证明购房手续在其手中的间接证据，既省了力，也能更加清楚明了地证明自己的主张，可谓简捷明快、直接高效。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>约定解除优于法定解除\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\n\n\u003Cp>      1999年生效的合同法在我国的法治进程中，具有里程碑式的意义。合同法充分吸收了《联合国国际货物买卖公约》的精神，高度尊重了合同的自由，将尽量认定合同效力、最大程度限制合同的无效、解除和可撤销的理念贯彻始终，充分维护了交易的平稳与安全，是契约精神的充分展示。将近二十年过去了，在现实的法律实务层面，一个强烈的感受是，合同法所倡导的合同自由、诚实信用的基本原则，表现的好象并不明显，相反摆到法官、律师面前的多是如何解除合同，合同法中关于合同无效、合同撤销、合同解除的几个条款成为热点条款，如何否定合同的效力成为经常性的话题。也许是由于诉讼的性质，注定关于合同破裂的情况是居于多数，但是解除合同过于泛滥，这种法律适用上的不良倾向，还是令人深思的。合同解除的主要方式有约定解除和法定解除两种。约定解除的条件存在于合同之中，条件成就，具有解除权的人就可以解除合同。法定解除就是合同法第九十四条规定的五种情况，是法律直接规定的解除条件，具备条件时，当事人就可以行使解除权以解除合同。实际工作中，好多当事人拿着合同到律师面前，要求就是想办法把合同解除了，用什么办法我不管。合同法中关于合同无效和可撤销的规定，是对特殊情况下的规定，不具有普适性，一定要慎重使用。有一位客户拿来一份餐厅合作协议，一方是某知名餐饮企业，另一方是提供投资的自然人。自然人这一方钱投出去了，期望中的餐厅却始终没有出现，觉得上当受骗了，经过各种形式的反复交涉也没有结果。一开始，自然人方的律师拿的诉讼方案是，此合同为可撤销合同，并给餐饮企业发函主张撤销权，理由就是餐饮企业欺诈。这种方案值得推敲，这不是当事人挽回损失的直接有效的方式，面临的风险很大。这份合同明显是由餐饮企业提供的制式文本，合同的双方当事人是平等的，那是法律地位，合同签订的现实中双方当事人肯定是有高低强弱之分的，有时还会很悬殊，这个合同明显是自然人处于弱势的地位，想从一个专业机构提供的、经过认真推敲的合同文本中找出欺诈的痕迹，太难了。更何况当事人已就此，向公安部门以对方诈骗报案，公安认为不构成刑事立案条件，刑事上的诈骗与民事欺诈不完全一样，但是作为衡量当事人主观上的标准，二者之间的区别可以忽略。再加上，当事人合同的签订时间较长，双方之间就争议进行了长时间的沟通，认定欺诈难度很大。因此，我们给客户的建议是，用解除合同作为维权的手段，合同没有关于解除的约定，依据合同法法定解除的条款，这样可能是当事人维护自己权利的最佳方式 。如果非得解除不可，在合同解除的方式上，如果具备条件，笔者更提倡约定解除。这是因为约定解除是最为直接的维权方式，其它都是间接的方法。约定解除本身就是一个标志，一个公民或法人法律意识强弱的标志。如果你能选择约定解除，基本上就能说明，合同是一个平等的合同，因为现实中的人处于不平等的状态，这才有法律规定的法律面前人人平等，正是人们各有优劣短长，才有签订合同约束强者保护弱者的必要。有了关于解除条件的约定，说明合同是长了牙的合同，有了对双方的约束，合同就是基本完整的、公平的。另外，约定解除是诚实信用、契约精神的一种高度体现，按合同约定的条件解除合同，本身就是履行合同的一种方式，这也是当事人能力的体现。\u003C\u002Fp>\n",[],"article","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-edp.hsdxchina.com\u002F104\u002Fimage\u002F4897d7ff517d225a.jpg","2022-07-06T18:06:17+08:00",[],{"title":412,"description":413,"keywords":54,"og_image":417},[422],{"locale":8,"id":423},173,{"previous":425,"next":428},{"id":426,"title":427},174,"文章｜陈律师的理发师",{"id":429,"title":430},172,"资讯｜河北省律师服务收费指导意见",1138,{"id":431,"values":433,"family":438},{"id":431,"type":434,"slug":223,"title":93,"subtitle":407,"description":435,"body":435,"banner":436,"seo":437,"family":438,"namespace":401,"content_types":54,"root_id":431,"active_ids":439,"active_paths":440,"path":441,"sidebar":442,"siblings":445,"breadcrumbs":446},2,"",{"image":405},{"title":93,"description":435,"keywords":435},"article-list",[431],[441],"\u002Farticles",{"title":93,"subtitle":443,"items":444},"NEWS",[],[],[447,448],{"label":52,"href":53,"current":16},{"label":93,"href":441,"current":449},true,{"items":451,"meta":681},[452,464,476,487,498,509,520,531,543,554,565,576,587,598,608,619,631,643,655,665,671],{"key":453,"values":454,"states":463},"article:205",{"id":455,"locale_id":456,"category_id":431,"title":457,"slug":458,"summary":459,"format":416,"cover":460,"video":54,"published_at":461,"url":462},205,1931,"资讯｜放高利贷是否构成非法经营罪？","gaolidai","日常生活中，我们常听到高利贷这一词语，也经常有朋友遇到借贷或者放贷的问题，那到底多高的利息算是高利贷，到底是同期央行放贷利率4倍以上？还是24%，又或是36%以上呢？放高利贷是否构成犯罪呢？\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n什么是高利贷？多高的利息算高利？\n\n\n\n关于高利贷的界定最早在2002年《中国人民银行关于取","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-edp.hsdxchina.com\u002F104\u002Fimage\u002F6684e5e911f81c8d.jpg","2022-07-19T09:13:07+08:00","\u002Farticles\u002F205",[],{"key":465,"values":466,"states":475},"article:204",{"id":467,"locale_id":468,"category_id":469,"title":470,"slug":471,"summary":472,"format":416,"cover":54,"video":54,"published_at":473,"url":474},204,1930,1139,"金台律师反败为胜经典案（十三）｜起死回生——金台上诉律师帮助购房人成功摆脱维权困局","anli13","第一回合：作为购房人，起诉退房获得支持，执行和解以房抵款。\n\n\n\n2018年刘先生用几年的辛苦积蓄，在其经营公司的附近买了一套楼房。房子是朋友介绍的，卖房人李某是个拆迁户，房价比当时的市场价便宜不少。\n\n\n\n刘先生与李某马上签订了购房合同，第二天便把房款120万元一次性打给了李某。后来，刘先生对房","2022-07-19T09:06:54+08:00","\u002Farticles\u002F204",[],{"key":477,"values":478,"states":486},"article:203",{"id":479,"locale_id":480,"category_id":469,"title":481,"slug":482,"summary":483,"format":416,"cover":54,"video":54,"published_at":484,"url":485},203,1929,"金台律师反败为胜经典案（十二）｜明察秋毫——金台上诉律师成功辩护二审改判缓刑","anli12","出乎意料的有期徒刑\n\n\n\n冯某某为黑龙江齐齐哈尔人，小时即随兄长到河北生活。经过多年的打拼，冯某某不仅站住了脚跟，娶妻生子，还购买了一辆大货车，跑长途运输，步入小康生活。2020年3月份，冯某某的家庭遭遇当头一棒。冯某某醉酒后驾车，致一行人抢救无效死亡，冯某某因涉嫌交通事故罪被刑事拘留。\n\n\n\n事","2022-07-19T09:06:28+08:00","\u002Farticles\u002F203",[],{"key":488,"values":489,"states":497},"article:202",{"id":490,"locale_id":491,"category_id":469,"title":492,"slug":493,"summary":494,"format":416,"cover":54,"video":54,"published_at":495,"url":496},202,1928,"金台律师反败为胜经典案（十一）｜自负其责——金台上诉律师帮助平台企业摆脱连带责任","anli11","下面的案例是金台上诉律师为某知名房屋经纪公司维权的经过，可以看出连带责任的解除，对平台公司的重要性。\n\n\n\n房屋中介公司经理监守自盗，承担刑事责任\n\n\n\n毕某是一个小型房屋中介公司的经理，在业内也算是老人，但由于好吃懒做，不讲诚信，公司与某知名房屋交易平台（以下简称“平台公司”）达成合作协议后，也","2022-07-19T09:06:07+08:00","\u002Farticles\u002F202",[],{"key":499,"values":500,"states":508},"article:201",{"id":501,"locale_id":502,"category_id":469,"title":503,"slug":504,"summary":505,"format":416,"cover":54,"video":54,"published_at":506,"url":507},201,1927,"金台律师反败为胜经典案（十）｜扶危济贫——金台上诉律师三年义务援助交通事故受害人维权","anli10","好心助人— —帮忙者成为植物人\n\n\n\n刘某本来拥有一个平凡且幸福的三人之家，丈夫张某老实善良，一个女儿正在读高中，日子过得不富裕，但也算是和谐美满，其乐融融。\n\n\n\n2019年的春天，张某应同村好友李某的邀请，开车去天津办事。张某乐于助人，二话没说，","2022-07-19T09:05:41+08:00","\u002Farticles\u002F201",[],{"key":510,"values":511,"states":519},"article:200",{"id":512,"locale_id":513,"category_id":469,"title":514,"slug":515,"summary":516,"format":416,"cover":54,"video":54,"published_at":517,"url":518},200,1926,"金台律师反败为胜经典案（九）｜步步为营——金台上诉律师帮助拆迁户实现安置房艰难回归","anli9","拆迁— 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